Demand in any period that is outside the limits established by management policy. This demand may come from a new customer or from existing customers whose own demand is increasing or decreasing. Care must be taken in evaluating the nature of the demand: Is it a volume change? Is it a change in product mix? Is it related to the timing of the order? See: outlier....
A material of value produced as a residual of or incidental to the production process. The ratio of by-product to primary product is usually predictable. By-products may be recycled, sold as-is, or us ed for other purposes. See: co-product....
The practice of dividing a customer base into groups of individuals who are similar in specific ways relevant to marketing. Traditional segmentation focuses on identifying customer groups based on dem ographics and attributes such as attitude and psychological profiles....